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EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES AS noted in the lists of materials required for the making of each problem, very few different pieces of equipment are required by any individual. The rule and scissors are required constantly, and should be ready for use at all times in good condition and with full count. If more than one kind of scissors be ordered for the different grades,, small blunt pointed scissors are most suitable for the first and second grades, and larger sharp pointed scissors may be recommended for the third and fourth grades. Rules suitable for primary handwork should have a little extra distance before the zero mark, and a little beyond the 12" mark as indicated in the drawing at the top of page 64. If separate rules be obtained for each grade, the following are recommended: First grade—straight edge without marks; Second grade—rule marked with inches and half inches; Third grade—rule marked with quarter inches; Fourth grade—rule marked with eighth and sixteenth inches. These articles may be collected each day or allowed to remain with the pupil. If collected, special boxes should be provided so that everything can have its own place. A medium pencil should be kept and handled by the same pupil at all times if possible, for sanitary reasons. A pencil eraser for each pupil will also be found a convenience. A good supply of needles should be on hand in each class room, a few punches including one or two with eyelet set combinations, at least one good glue brush, and several sticks of wood sharpened to a chisel edge for spreading glue. Where a very little glue is needed, a wood toothpick is satisfactory. A kitchen knife, especially if the edge be dulled over an oil stone, makes a good magazine opener, and one or two will be found a convenience in each room for booklet work. A few compasses are also desirable, and a chip carving knife is useful for heavy card work if the heavy stock is not cut to size before being passed. For this heavy cutting, a piece of 9"x12" cloth board makes a good protection for the desk. An eighteen inch steel straight edge is also an advantage in heavy cutting. For decorative work, such materials as are used in the drawing class will be found useful. These materials include: crayons, water colors with brushes, ink with pens and brushes. The following list may be taken as representing an adequate equipment for twenty five pupils in paper and cardboard construction in one room, including demonstration equipment for the teacher, but not including freehand drawing equipment: 26 Scissors 26 Rules 26 Pencils 26 Erasers 5 Kitchen knives 5 Compasses 5 Carvers' knives 5 Glue brushes 5 Paste brushes 1 steel straight edge, 18" All of this equipment should be provided with neat racks or boxes, or at least should be kept at all times when not in use in a particular place in the teacher's storage closet. Nothing looks much worse in school than slovenly care of school apparatus. The supervisor should watch this carefully, and make suggestions as needed. If the school system be large enough to warrant it, a supply room for the supervisor should be provided with the following: 1 Case containing sliding shelves for full sized sheets of paper and boards, one shelf for each kind of stock, and long doors extending from top to bottom over shelves. 1 Case containing pigeon holes for 9"x12" cut stock, shelves to be 12 1/2" deep, and openings to be 9 1/2"x9 1/2". An opening in each shelf for the hand assists in removing the paper. 1 Case containing shelves and drawers for small cut stock, thread, stay tape, eyelets, binders' cloth and backing, paste and glue, and miscellaneous small articles. 1 Case containing extra pieces of equipment and for storage of equipment during the vacation season. 1 Card cutter with blade at least 15" in length. It is desirable to have such a cutter in each fourth grade room except for expense. 1 Paper cutter to handle stock at least 20" wide. Such a stock room if sufficiently large may be used for all of the primary handwork. Stock of all kinds, yarns, raffia, reed, clay, and other supplies, should be kept in special cases. Many kinds of paper are suitable for primary handwork, and a few of them are used almost constantly, especially cover papers, book papers, and tag boards. Other papers are used but little, but are desirable in order that a wider acquaintance with paper qualities may be obtained. A collection of finished papers, and one showing stages in the manufacture of paper has an educational value well worth the effort necessary for making the collection. The following classification may be of value in the study of papers. The more important papers are: Print paper,—Unfinished surface, for newspapers and cheap poster work, made from fibres of straw, wood, grasses, and paper waste Book paper,—Machine finished surface, cheaper varieties made from wood fibres Writing paper,—Made with a surface suitable for ink, and with a firmness which will stand erasures, usually made from cotton and linen rags Drawing paper,—Frequently made by hand, very firm, stands much erasing, made in surfaces from smooth to very rough Wrapping paper,—A coarse paper of a yellowish brown color made from manilla and other rope fibres, stands hard usage Cover paper,—Paper with a fancy color, an interesting texture, and a tough quality suitable for covering pamphlets Other papers and boards of more or less importance or given peculiar treatment in the process of manufacturing are: Binders' board Blotting paper Blue print paper Bond paper Bristol board Calendered paper Carbon paper Cardboard Chinese paper Cloth board Coated paper Cold pressed paper Copying tissue Cotton paper Corrugated board Cross section paper Cylinder paper Deckeled edge paper Detail paper Drawing board Dry proofing paper Embossed paper Enameled paper Ferro prussiate paper Fibre wrapping paper Fibre-faced paper Filter paper Flat v/riting paper Folded paper Friction boards Glazed paper Gummed paper Hand made paper Hard plate paper Hot pressed paper India paper Interleaving paper Japanese paper Jute board Label paper Laid paper Ledger paper Letter paper Linen paper Lining paper Lithographic paper Litmus paper Loft-dried paper Luminous paper Machine-sized paper Manifold paper Manilla paper Marble board Marble paper Matrix backing Metalic paper Mimeograph paper Mounted paper Mounting board Mounting paper Music paper News paper Note paper Oil board Oiled paper Parchment paper Pattern paper Photographic paper Pitched paper Plate paper Plated paper Polygraphic paper Poster board Poster paper Post office paper Press board Printing paper Proofing paper Pulp board Rag paper Rice paper Roofing paper Ruled paper Safety paper Sand paper Sensitized paper Silk paper Silver paper Sized paper Soft plate paper Surface paper Stencil board Stereotype paper Straw board Tag board Tar board Tarred paper Tissue paper Tracing paper Transfer paper Trunk board Tub sized paper Tympan board Typewriter paper Vellum paper Waxed paper It is believed that a word or two regarding the manufacture of paper may be of value to teachers of primary handwork, so the following brief description of the process is inserted at this point along with the kinds, sizes and counts of paper just given. Until recent years paper was made principally from cloth scraps, and at present all high grade papers are still "rag" papers. Most of the printing paper at present however is made from such vegetable fibres as those from wood, straw, and grasses. The ifibres are ground and bleached and then boiled to a soft pulp. In the hand made papers this pulp is dipped into a large pan from which the water gradually drains away leaving a wet sheet, which is then pressed and dried. Some high grade papers are still made in this way by hand, but mechanical processes have almost entirely displaced the hand process. The machine process is as follows: (1) The fluid pulp is Boated over a continuous wire cloth which has a constant motion, and which allows the water to drain away. (2) The wet pulp is pressed under wire gauze rollers and more of the moisture taken up. (3) The pulp can now hang alone and support itself for a short distance and is carried to a felt band and led to felt rollers. (4) More water is pressed out between these felt rollers and the paper leaves them able to go unsupported to the metal rollers. (5) The paper is now passed to the heavy smooth calender rolls, and under great pressure is given a smooth finish and added drying. These calenders are sometimes heated and used to give a glaze to the paper. (6) It next is carried to the drying room and a current of heated air serves to drive away most oif the remaining moisture. (7) From here it may be taken to the roller cutters and cross cutters, and be cut arid tied into bundles for shipment, This description while not including the chemical treatment, nor other details of the preparation of the pulp may be taken as fairly representative of the usual mechanical part of the process. For newspapers, the paper is usually delivered upon large rolls as they come from the machine. Colored papers are given the color before the fluid pulp reaches the machine. Boards should be ordered in full bundles if possible. Note the varied classifications of quantities in bundles, and specify very carefully., Papers are illustrated in the Appendix at the close of the book, but the boards are too heavy for the purpose, and so have been mounted separately. See the second note at the beginning of the Appendix. In order to determine what amounts of paper stock to order for a school system, the following method will be found satisfactory: (1) Find the enrollment per grade for the first four grades of the entire system. The enrollment for a given year may be taken roughly for that of the following year if orders are to be placed before the enrollment is known. ( 2) Find the amount of 9"x\2® stock of each kind per pupil per grade. This may be taken from the bottom of tables on pages 148, 149, 150, and 151, or may be worked out from the listed amounts accompanying the directions in chapters II, III, IV, and V. (3) Multiply the amounts of stock per pupil for each grade by the number of pupils in each grade, and add from ten per cent to twenty-five per cent extra for new pupils who may enter later, for spoiled work, for extra problems, and for other exigencies. (4) Find how many 9!lx12!i pieces can be cut from the large sheets and divide the totals in (3), above, by this amount to get the number of full sheets. (5) Add enough to make up full ream lots of each style and weight if possible. If not, add enough to make up quarter or half reams. If this be impossible, any number of sheets may be ordered, but at an advance in price. The extra stock will help in starting the next year and should be deducted from the next year's order. School money should not be tied up unnecessarily in extra stock. (6) Check calculations for gross errors. An example of the calculation for the first grade is as follows: Medium tag board 1 piece (from list at bottom of page 148) times 150 (pupils) equals 150 (pieces); divide by 5 (the number of pieces per sheet) and get 30 (full sheets in first grade) Suppose we get also 30 (full sheets in first grade) 00 (full sheets in second grade) 60 (full sheets in third grade) 325 (full sheets in fourth grade) -------- 415 sheets in all Add to makeup a ream 85 sheets extra Total medium tag board 500 sheets (or 1 ream) In the same manner we may add each item and make up a full order for paper for the entire school year. Mis- cellaneous small supplies such as stay tape, eyelets, thread, silk cord, paste, and glue are easily figured out. A pint of paste and a pint of glue should make up an average requirement for each class room, altho the work in the fourth grade demands more than the first, and more will be wasted in some rooms than in others. An extra supply should be kept in the supervisor's store room. As far as possible it is desirable to purchase from local dealers but much of the material needed is special in character and must be gotten from special dealers. Certain dealers make a specialty of supplies for primary schools and the largest of these can supply most of the equipment and supplies listed here. These larger supply houses are located in such cities as Boston, New York, and Chicago, with branches in other cities. Most city superintendents have their catalogues. Other special houses carry papers, book binders' material, or printers' supplies., The following list of kinds of supply houses may be of service to those in doubt as to where orders may be sent. LOCAL HARDWARE DEALERS Scissors, rules, knives, straight edges, eyelet punches, glue, and brushes LOCAL STATIONERS Rules, pencils, erasers, compasses, paste, brushes, water colors, pens, ink LOCAL PRINTERS OR PAPER SUPPLY HOUSES Papers, cardboards and certain kinds of binders' cloth LOCAL DEPARTMENT STORES Needles, thread, string, silk cord, embroidery cotton, scissors, pencils LARGE PAPER HOUSES Papers and boards of all kinds, usually in unbroken reams or bundles only BOOK BINDERS' SUPPLY HOUSES Binders' cloth, leathers, and miscellaneous supplies and equipment PRINTERS' SUPPLY HOUSES Card cutters, paper cutters, p>aper cabinets, (It is usually best to have cabinets built locally.) DRAFTING SUPPLY HOUSES Rules, pencils, compasses, straight edges, triangles Continued on this page |